¿Hacia una perspectiva rizomática del cuerpo medicalizado? Una revisión sobre la medicalización y el género
Contenido principal del artículo
Resumen
La medicalización ha sido uno de los temas más importantes para la agenda feminista y para los estudios de género. Durante la segunda ola del feminismo, cuando los derechos sexuales y reproductivos eran las principales preocupaciones para las mujeres, es el momento exacto en cual los estudios sobre la medicalización comenzaron a aumentar. El objetivo de esta investigación es presentar algunas características de los estudios relacionados con el cuerpo medicalizado y generizado, indicando cómo se ha explicado, entendido y entrelazado el proceso de medicalización con diferentes instituciones y personas. Una preocupación principal en esta revisión es prestar atención a cómo se expresa el género en los estudios de medicalización. Dentro de un diseño cualitativo, y con el apoyo de SPSS™, construimos una revisión preliminar sobre la literatura publicada en libros, y luego desarrollamos un análisis de contenido de los capítulos sobre medicalización. Se presenta una descripción general de las características de los estudios, y después se discuten dos categorías: (a) los significados de la medicalización y (b) los cuerpos medicalizados y sus emprendedores: una expresión rizomática. Se concluyó que la tesis de medicalización debería considerarse como la línea de un “rizoma” que se conecta con diferentes actores, corporaciones y organizaciones. Al deconstruir el rizoma, la categoría analítica del género debe entenderse como una construcción sociohistórica relacionada con las relaciones de dominación y también con las de resistencia. Además, los autores que tratan sobre la medicalización deben ser sensibles a las epistemologías del Sur Global.
Descargas
Detalles del artículo
Citas
Aderinto, S. (2014): When Sex Threatened the State. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Asma, S. T. (2009): On Monsters: An Unnatural History of Our Worst Fears. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Barnack-Tavlaris, J. (2015): “The Medicalization of Menstrual Cycle: Menstruation as Disorders”, in McHugh, M. and Chrisler, J. C. eds.: The Wrong Prescription for Women: How Medicine and Media Create a "Need" for Treatments, Drugs, and Surgery: 61-75. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger.
Baxi, P. (2013): Public Secrets of Law. Rape Trials in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Becker, H. and Geer, B. (1963): Medical Education. Vol. XV. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bell, S. E. and Figert, A. E. (2012a): “Gender and the Medicalization of Healthcare”, in Kuhlmann, E. and Annandale, El. eds.: The Palgrave Handbook of Gender and Healthcare 127-142. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
— and Figert, A.(2012b): “Medicalization and Pharmaceuticalization at the Intersections: Looking Backward, Sideways and Forward”, Social science & Medicine, 75(5): 775-783. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2012.04.002
Browne, T. K. (2015): “Is Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder Really a Disorder?”, Journal of Bioethical Inquiry ,12(2): 313–330. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1007/s11673-014-9567-7
Chrisler, J. C. and Gorman, J. A. (2015): “The Medicalization of Women's Moods: Premenstrual Syndrome and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder”, en McHugh, Ma. and Chrisler, J. C. eds.: The Wrong Prescription for Women: How Medicine and Media Create a "Need" for Treatments, Drugs, and Surgery: 78-98. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger.
Clarke, A., Shim, J. K., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R. and Fishman, J.r R. (2010): “Biomedicalization: A Theoretical and Substantive Introduction”, en Clarke, A. E., Mamo, L., Fosket, J. R., Fishman, J. R. and Shim, J. K. eds.: Biomedicalization. Technoscientific Transformations of Health, Illness, and U.S. Biomedicine: 1-45. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Conrad, P. (2007): The Medicalization of Society. On the Transformation of Human Conditions into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
— and Schneider, J. W. (2014): Deviance and Medicalization: From Badness to Sickness. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press.
Cosminsky, S. (2016): Midwives and Mothers: The Medicalization of Childbirth on a Guatemalan Plantation. Austin, Texas: University of Texas.
Deleuze, G. and Guattari, F. A. (1987): Thousand Plateaus. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
Durazo, A. C. R. (2006): “Medical Violence Against People of Color and The Medicalization of Domestic Violence”, in Incite ed.: Color of Violence: The Incite! Anthology: 179-188. Cambridge, MA: South End Press.
Eden, A. R. (2006): “New Professions and Old Practices. Lactation Consulting and the Medicalization of Breastfeed”, in Smith, P. H., Hausman, B. L. and Labbok, M. H. eds: Beyond Health, Beyond Choice: Breastfeeding Constraints and Realities: 98-109. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press.
Ferguson, S. J. (2002): “Deformities and Diseased: The Medicalization of Women's Breasts”, in Kasper, A. S. y Ferguson, S. J. eds: Breast cancer: Society shapes an epidemic: 51-86. New York: Palgrave.
Fingerson, L. (2006): Girls in power: Gender, Body, and Menstruation in Adolescence. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Foucault, M. (1963): Birth of the Clinic. New York City: Pantheon.
— (1978): The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon Books.
Georges, E. (2008): Bodies of Knowledge: The Medicalization of Reproduction in Greece. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Greil, A. L. (2002): “Infertile Bodies: Medicalization, Metaphor, and Agency”, in Inhorn, M.C. and v. Balen, F. eds: Infertility Around the Globe: New Thinking on Childlessness, Gender, and Reproductive Technologies: 101-118. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Grossmann, A. (1995): Reforming Sex: The German Movement for Birth Control and Abortion Reform, 1920-1950. New York: Oxford University Press.
Handwerker, L. (1998): “The Consequences of Modernity for Childless Women in China: Medicalization and Resistance”, en Lock, M. and Kaufert, P. A. eds.: Pragmatic Women and Body Politics: 178-205. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Hart, Ni., Grand, N. and Riley, K. (2006): “Making the Grade: The Gender Gap, ADHD, and the Medicalization of Boyhood”, en Rosenfeld, D. and Faircloth, C. A. eds.: Medicalized masculinities: 132-164. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Hickey, A. M. (2006): “The Sexual Savage: Race Science and the Medicalization of Black Masculinity”, in Rosenfeld, D. and Faircloth, C. A. eds.: Medicalized masculinities: 165-182. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Jesson, J. K., Matheson, L. and Lacey, F. M. (2011): Doing Literature Review. Traditional and Systematic Techniques. London: Sage.
Kanogo, T. M. (2005): African Womanhood in Colonial Kenya, 1900-50. Oxford: James Currey.
Kaw, E. (2013): “Medicalization of Racial Features: Asian-American Women and Cosmetic Surgery”, in Bow, L. ed.: Asian American Feminisms: 167-183. Abingdon; Oxon; New York; Tokyo: Routledge; Edition Synapse.
Kligman, G. (1998): The Politics of Duplicity: Controlling Reproduction in Ceausescu's Romania. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Kvaalea, E. P., Haslama, N. and Gottdienerb, W. H. (2013): August. “The ‘Side Effects’ of Medicalization: A Meta-Analytic Review of How Biogenetic Explanations Affect Stigma”, Clinical Psychology Review 33 (6): 782-794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2013.06.002
Light, T. P. (2013): “Consumer Culture and the Medicalization of Women's Roles in Canada, 1919-39”, in Warsh, Ch. l. K. and Malleck, D. eds.: Consuming modernity: Gendered Behaviour and Consumerism Before the Baby Boom: 34-54. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Lopez, I. (1998): “An Ethnography of the Medicalization of Puerto Rican Women's Reproduction”, in Lock, M. and Kaufert, P. A. eds.: Pragmatic Women and Body Politics: 240-259. New York: Cambridge University Press.
McClellan, M. L. (2017): Lady Lushes: Gender, Alcoholism, and Medicine in Modern America. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
McHugh, M. and Chrisler, J. C. (2015): “The medicalization of women's bodies and everyday experience”, in McHugh, M. and Chrisler, J. C. eds.: The Wrong Prescription for Women: How Medicine and Media Create a "Need" for Treatments, Drugs, and Surgery: 1-15. Santa Barbara, California: Praeger.
Morsy, S. A. (1995): “Deadly Reproduction Among Egyptian Women: Maternal Mortality and Medicalization of Population Control”, in Ginsburg, F. D. and Rapp, R. eds.: Conceiving the New World Order: The Global Politics of Reproduction: 162-176. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Muehlenbeck, P. E. (2017): Gender, Sexuality, and the Cold War: A Global Perspective. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.
Nichter, M. (1998): “The Mission Within the Madness: Self-Initiated Medicalization as Expression of Agency”, in Lock, M. and Kaufert, P. A. eds.: Pragmatic Women and Body Politics: 327-353. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Nichter, M. and Vuckovic, N. (1994): “Agenda for an Anthropology of Pharmaceutical Practice”, Social Science & Medicine 39 (II): 1509-1525. https://doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(94)90003-5
Offman, A. and Kleinplatz, P. J. (2004): “Does PMDD Belong in the DSM? Challenging the Medicalization of Women's Bodies”, The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality 13 (1): 17-27. http://search.proquest.com.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/docview/220824794?accountid=11311
Onwuegbuzie, A. J., Frels, R. K. and Hwang, E. (2016, March 29): “Mapping Saldaňa’s Coding Methods onto the Literature Review Process”, Journal of Educational Issues 2 (1): 130-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jei.v2i1.8931
Pratto, F., Sidanius, J., and Levin, S. (2006): “Social Dominance Theory and the Dynamics Of Intergroup Relations: Taking Stock and Looking Forward”, European Review of Social Psychology 17 (1): 271- 320. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.1080/10463280601055772
Ratcliff, K. S. (2002): Women and Health: Power, Technology, Inequality, and Conflict in a Gendered World. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Riessman, C. K. (1998): “Women and Medicalization: A New Perspective”, in Weitz, R. ed.: The Politics of Women's Bodies: Sexuality, Appearance, and Behavior: 46-63. New York: Oxford University Press.
Riska, E. (2003): “Gender Perspectives on Health and Medicine. Gendering the Medicalization Thesis”, in Segal, M. T., Demos, V. and Kronensfels, J. J. eds.: Gender Perspectives on Health and Medicine: 59–87. West Yorkshire, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
—(2013): “Aging Men: Resisting and Endorsing Medicalization”, in Kampf, A., Marshall, B. L. and Petersen, A. R. eds.: Aging Men, Masculinities and Modern Medicine: 71-85. New York, NY: Routledge.
Rivera-Garza, C. (2003): “Beyond Medicalization: Asylum Doctors and Inmates Produce Sexual Knowledge at The General Insane Asylum La Castaneda in Late Porfirian Mexico”, in Irwin, R. M., McCaughan, E. J. and Nasser, M. R. eds.: The famous 41: Sexuality and Social Control in Mexico, c. 190: 267-290. Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Rivkin-Fish, M. R. (2005): Women's Health in Post-Soviet Russia: The Politics of Intervention. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Rosenfeld, D. and Faircloth, C. A. (2006): “Introduction. Medicalized Masculinities: The Missing Link?”, in Rosenfeld, D. and Faircloth, C. A. eds.: Medicalized Masculinities: 1-20. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Rozemberg, B. and Manderson, L. (1988, January 1): “‘Nerves’’ and Tranquilizer Use in Rural Brazil”, International Journal of Health Services 28 (1): 165-181. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.2190/LYRB-TYXW-CPB2-AHDL
Saddichha, S. (2010): “Disease Mongering in Psychiatry: Is it Fact or Fiction?”, World Medical & Health Policy 2 (1): 267-284. https://doi-org.ezp-prod1.hul.harvard.edu/10.2202/1948-4682.1042
Saguy, A. C. and Williams, J. A. (2019): “Reimagining Gender: Gender Neutrality in the News”, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 44 (2): 465-489. https://doi.org/10.1086/699369
Sanders, N. (2017): “The Medicalization of Childhood in Mexico during the Early Cold War, 1945-1960”, in Muehlenbeck, P. E. ed.: Gender, Sexuality, and the Cold War: A global Perspective: 138-156. Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press.