Una sociología de la gobernanza medioambiental para la transformación eco-social. Claves sobre el caso de la Unión Europea
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Las políticas contra el cambio climático se han orientado mayormente a reducir la emisión de gases de efecto invernadero. Hay un creciente consenso en torno a que las principales soluciones aplicadas (tecnológicas, mercados y conductuales) no han traído los resultados esperados. Por lo tanto, se considera necesario aplicar otras políticas más ambiciosas, como pueden ser los cambios organizativo-institucionales, estructurales, y sistémicos, con una orientación más sustantiva y restaurativa del clima. Para promover estas soluciones se necesita una mejor acción de los Estados, gobiernos e instituciones públicas, desde una legítima y efectiva gobernanza medioambiental, basada en una desarrollada meta-gobernanza y en tres pilares de gobernanza (democrático-participativo, epistémico y social-civil). Estas teorizaciones se aplican al caso de la gobernanza medioambiental y climática de la Unión Europea (UE). En base a materiales secundarios y literatura científica empírica, se observa que la UE se ha marcado unos objetivos crecientemente ambiciosos, que su meta-gobernanza ha sido limitada con un enfoque blando y coordinador, y que sus pilares de gobernanza han tenido un desarrollo limitado, pero con dinámicas e iniciativas. A pesar de sus claras debilidades, la gobernanza medioambiental de la UE presenta una capacidad potencial para avanzar en la transformación eco-social.
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